Lymphoma is a cancer affecting lymphocytes, the white blood cells in your immune system. It arises when cancer cells grow in the lymphatic system, which supports your immune response. While the exact cause is unknown, factors like age, sex assigned at birth, family history, and certain infections may increase risk.
There are two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), with NHL being more common. Early stages can be hard to detect since symptoms don’t usually appear. The most noticeable symptom is a painless, swollen lymph node. Others include fever, fatigue, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss.
Thankfully, several treatments are available, so it’s important to see your healthcare provider if symptoms arise, if you’re feeling unwell, or if you have a history of lymphoma. Usually, your primary doctor will work with a blood cancer specialist for an accurate diagnosis. Lymphoma can start anywhere, but common sites include lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, throat, and digestive tract.
Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most treatable cancers and usually spreads from one group of lymph nodes to another adjacent group. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for over 90% of cases, with four subtypes.
NHL includes various lymphomas not classified as Hodgkin. These cancers spread unpredictably through the lymphatic system and may not show symptoms until widespread. Most people with NHL have B-cell lymphoma, but there are T-cell and NK-cell types too, classified by different immune cells.
Lymphoma often doesn’t show symptoms early on. The most common sign is a swollen lymph node that feels like a painless lump under the skin, usually where the lymphoma started. As it spreads, other areas may be affected, and the nodes may ache after alcohol.
Swollen lymph nodes can result from less serious conditions, which makes them tricky to identify as lymphoma. If you notice them, it’s wise to consult a healthcare provider. Lymphoma also brings “B symptoms,” like fever, night sweats, and weight loss, which help determine the cancer stage. Other symptoms involve frequent infections, easy bleeding or bruising, and vary by cancer location.
Lymphoma starts when cancer cells grow and spread in the lymphatic system, often in lymph nodes, spleen, or bone marrow. Though the cause is unclear, some factors may increase risk. There’s a possible link between Hodgkin lymphoma and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), possibly causing mutations in B lymphocytes, leading to Reed-Sternberg cells.
Risk factors can increase the likelihood of lymphoma but don’t guarantee development. Knowing them helps understand your risk.
To diagnose lymphoma, a healthcare provider might conduct several tests. Swollen lymph nodes could be an early or sole sign. Since many conditions cause node swelling, less serious causes are ruled out first. A provider will perform a physical exam, review medical history, and examine lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. If swelling persists without infection improvement, a biopsy is usually the next step.
Lymphoma treatment aims for remission, especially if caught early. Later stage treatment focuses on symptom relief and quality of life. Options depend on lymphoma type, symptoms, and cancer stage, with common treatments including chemotherapy, radiation, and possibly immunotherapy.
Preventing lymphoma is tough as many risk factors, like age or family history, can’t be changed. Some infections increase risk, so consult your provider for prevention strategies.
Receiving a lymphoma diagnosis can be overwhelming. It’s normal to feel a mix of emotions during diagnosis and treatment. If you’re struggling with your mood, talk to a healthcare provider or mental health professional. You’re not expected to stay positive all the time.
Maintaining activity and engaging in enjoyable hobbies can help manage stress. Your diagnosis affects loved ones too, so lean on them for support. You may face lymphoma alone, but treatment and life with cancer don’t have to be solitary.
