Esophageal cancer is a kind of cancer that starts in the lining of the esophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. It generally begins in the innermost layer and can spread outward. This cancer is more frequently seen in men than women, and its risks are heightened by tobacco use, a history of acid reflux, and aging. It accounts for about 1% of all cancer cases in the U.S.
Symptoms often don’t appear until the later stages, including difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and unintended weight loss. While treatable, options like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy are available.
There are two primary types of esophageal cancer: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, each forming in different parts of the esophagus. Adenocarcinoma develops in the gland cells that produce mucus, usually found in the lower third of the esophagus. Conditions like Barrett’s esophagus, often caused by long-term acid reflux, increase the risk of adenocarcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma originates in the squamous cells in the innermost layer of the esophagus. It can occur anywhere along the esophagus but is most common in the neck and upper chest. In the U.S., it makes up less than 30% of esophageal cancer cases. These cells also exist elsewhere in the body, making squamous cell carcinoma also related to skin cancer.
The exact cause of esophageal cancer isn’t clear, but certain risk factors and DNA changes in cells have been identified as contributors. Some cases are linked to genetic mutations passed down through families. In addition to inherited mutations, acquired mutations, which develop over time, can influence cancer risk.
Several factors can elevate the likelihood of esophageal cancer, and some are modifiable, which helps in reducing risk. Common tests for diagnosing the condition involve noticing symptoms and consulting a healthcare provider, who will then conduct a physical exam and possibly refer you to an oncologist for further testing.
To confirm a diagnosis, imaging tests and an endoscopy are often used alongside blood tests. Individuals at high risk, particularly with a history like Barrett’s esophagus, might need regular endoscopies to screen for cancer.
The treatment plan depends on the cancer type, how advanced it is, and the patient’s overall health, with treatment commonly including surgery, chemotherapy, and other therapies. While esophageal cancer can’t always be prevented, lowering risk factors such as smoking can help.
Some studies suggest that taking NSAIDs might lower the risk of esophageal cancer, although they could entail other health risks. Consultation with a healthcare provider is essential before starting any new medication regimen.
People with esophageal cancer might face other health issues, like heart disease and diabetes. Obesity, a risk factor for both cancer and these conditions, may be related.
Reaching remission is a key goal in treating esophageal cancer, though diagnosis often occurs at later, harder-to-treat stages. The five-year survival rate is around 60%.
Many individuals with esophageal cancer achieve remission and maintain a good quality of life. Post-treatment, regular follow-ups with your healthcare team are crucial, especially if new symptoms appear. Imaging may be recommended to monitor any recurrence.
Living with esophageal cancer symptoms like swallowing difficulties can be tough, affecting both life quality and nutrition. Consulting a dietitian for tips may be helpful, and discussing pain management with a healthcare provider is advised.
