Hypothyroidism, also known as an underactive thyroid, happens when your thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone. This gland is shaped like a butterfly and is located in your neck. It’s crucial for regulating hormones, metabolism, and body temperature.
Several factors can lead to hypothyroidism, such as autoimmune diseases, certain medications, and radiation therapy. Historically, about 5% of people in the U.S. have been diagnosed with it. However, a study in 2023 found that the number had increased to 11.4% by 2019.
While hypothyroidism can’t be cured, medications can help balance your hormone levels, restoring thyroid function. Symptoms can vary widely; some people experience only a few, while others may have many. These symptoms typically indicate a slowdown in metabolism and energy.
If you think you might have hypothyroidism, it’s essential to get tested promptly. Early diagnosis can fast-track treatment and prevent severe issues like myxedema coma, a life-threatening condition caused by extremely low thyroid hormone levels.
There are numerous reasons someone might develop hypothyroidism. The endocrine system manages hormone production through various glands and organs. When there’s an imbalance, it can affect hormone production and release. Sometimes, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy thyroid tissue, leading to conditions like Hashimoto’s disease, where the thyroid can’t produce enough hormones.
Surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid, often due to thyroid cancer or hyperthyroidism, can result in hypothyroidism. Furthermore, radiation therapy for head or neck cancers can impair thyroid function, causing symptoms of hypothyroidism.
Some infants are born with congenital hypothyroidism, meaning their thyroid doesn’t work correctly or is missing. This chronic condition requires lifelong treatment. Additionally, certain medications can cause hypothyroidism as a side effect. It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider if you notice symptoms after taking such medications.
Your thyroid needs the right amount of iodine, which is found in food and table salt, to function properly. Too much or too little iodine can lead to thyroid problems. The pituitary gland is also vital in regulating the endocrine system. If it’s damaged or not functioning well, it might fail to send the right signals to the thyroid, causing symptoms of hypothyroidism.
While anyone can develop hypothyroidism, certain factors increase the risk. If you’re more likely to have it, your healthcare provider might suggest regular screening.
To diagnose hypothyroidism, healthcare providers use several tests. The most common is the TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) test, which involves drawing a blood sample to measure hormone levels. High TSH levels suggest a low-performing thyroid gland.
Even though there’s no cure, treatment with medication can replace missing hormones, helping restore metabolism, temperature, and energy levels. One common medication is levothyroxine, known by the brand name Synthroid, typically taken first thing in the morning.
Most people take this medication daily for life, with regular blood tests to monitor hormone levels. Researchers are exploring combining levothyroxine with other treatments to potentially improve effectiveness, and studies continue on the best time to start treatment.
Preventing hypothyroidism isn’t possible. Routine thyroid level screenings are generally not recommended for symptom-free individuals. Those with a higher risk, such as a family history of thyroid issues, may need yearly blood tests. If new symptoms arise, discuss them with your provider.
People with hypothyroidism might also face other health conditions, as it often coincides with various medical issues.
Living with hypothyroidism may require lifestyle adjustments, but with proper medication, many people notice a significant improvement. Keep an eye on your symptoms and let your healthcare providers know about any health, weight, or medication changes. Regular blood tests are crucial to ensure your treatment remains effective.
