Uterine fibroids are tumors that form from muscle tissue within the uterine walls. They’re almost always noncancerous and can appear as a single growth or a cluster. These fibroids can be as tiny as an apple seed or grow as large as a grapefruit.
Most people with fibroids don’t notice any symptoms, but for those who do, it often involves cramps and heavy menstrual bleeding. Although the cause of fibroids is still unclear, there are known risk factors that might increase the likelihood of developing them. It’s estimated that somewhere between 20% to 80% of individuals with a uterus will have fibroids by the age of 50.
Fortunately, there are various treatment options available, from medications to surgical procedures. Your treatment will depend on how severe your fibroids and symptoms are. Fibroids can differ based on where they grow in the uterus.
For many people, fibroids don’t cause any issues. However, about 30% of those with fibroids experience significant symptoms that can affect their daily activities. The symptoms often depend on the size and location of the fibroids. If you have these symptoms, you might notice things like pelvic pain, bloating, or heavier periods.
Fibroids develop when muscular tumors form in or on the uterus. The exact reason why they form isn’t known, but hormones like estrogen and progesterone, along with genetic factors, might play a role. These hormones can influence fibroid growth, especially since fibroids tend to expand during pregnancy when hormone levels spike but shrink after menopause as hormone levels drop. Anti-hormonal medications can also help reduce their size.
There’s some evidence to suggest fibroids might run in families due to genetic mutations in certain genes like MED12, HMGA2, COL4A5/COL4A6, and FH. Although we don’t fully understand why fibroids develop, several factors could elevate the risk.
A gynecologist, who specializes in the female reproductive system, can help diagnose fibroids through medical history and diagnostic tests. In many cases, fibroids don’t need active treatment. If they’re small and symptom-free, a doctor might simply monitor them over time. However, if you’re dealing with pain or heavy bleeding, your provider will discuss possible treatments with you, which could include medications or surgery.
When symptoms are severe and medications aren’t helping, surgery might be considered. Although there’s no sure way to prevent fibroids due to the unknown cause, a healthcare provider may suggest some strategies to potentially lower risk, though these aren’t guaranteed to work for everyone. It’s crucial to collaborate with your healthcare provider on managing risk.
While fibroids are typically benign, about 1 in 1,000 of them may be cancerous, termed leiomyosarcoma. Fibroids may also impact fertility and reproductive health, mainly if they’re large, but they don’t commonly lead to infertility. They can, however, increase the risk of pregnancy complications like needing a C-section or experiencing placental abruption, which is a serious condition requiring immediate treatment.
Many people live with fibroids without requiring treatment. If you experience symptoms, especially around your period, such as pain or heavy bleeding, it helps to plan for your menstrual cycle. Taking rest and using treatments that alleviate symptoms can be beneficial. If fibroid symptoms disrupt your daily life, consulting a healthcare provider about managing these symptoms and improving your life quality is advisable.
