Hyperthyroidism, commonly known as an overactive thyroid, is when your body produces too much thyroid hormone. This hormone comes from a gland in your neck that controls things like metabolism and body temperature. When there’s too much of it, you might experience symptoms affecting your mood, nerves, digestion, heart, and skin. About 1.3% of people have hyperthyroidism, and it’s more common in those assigned female at birth.
The condition usually stems from an issue with the thyroid gland itself, often due to Graves’ disease. If you have or are at risk for this disease, or notice thyroid-related symptoms, it’s wise to see your healthcare provider for testing. They might use lab tests and imaging to see what’s behind your symptoms. If you’re diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, treatment might involve medication or sometimes surgery.
Hyperthyroidism comes in two types: primary and secondary, which differ based on how the excess hormone is produced. In primary hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland itself is the problem, causing too much hormone production. Tests will show high levels of T3 and T4 hormones. Causes of primary hyperthyroidism include Graves’ disease and other thyroid issues.
In secondary hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland is normal but other factors cause excess hormone production, often due to hormone imbalance in the brain. Rarely, tumors elsewhere can mimic thyroid hormones, leading to high T3 and T4 levels.
Since thyroid hormones are crucial for metabolism, too much can cause a variety of symptoms, regardless of the cause. Symptoms can also be specific to Graves’ disease, an autoimmune condition, or due to the thyroid gland enlarging.
Having too much thyroid hormone in your blood can speed up your metabolism and alter your body temperature, weight, energy levels, and the growth of hair, skin, and nails. Various factors can lead to changes in your thyroid hormone levels.
You might be at higher risk for hyperthyroidism if you have certain conditions or a family history. If you suspect you have thyroid symptoms, it’s essential to see your provider for tests. They might ask about your medical history, do a physical exam, and, if needed, order blood tests and imaging scans.
The aim of hyperthyroidism treatment is to normalize hormone levels and manage symptoms. The treatment plan depends on the cause of the symptoms. In most cases, initially using beta-blockers like atenolol can help with symptoms. Common treatments include medication, radioiodine ablation, or surgery.
Antithyroid drugs, called thionamides, help slow down hormone production to balance your levels. However, these medications can have risks like low white blood cell count or liver damage. Radioactive iodine ablation is a more definitive treatment. In this method, you ingest radioactive iodine, which breaks down the thyroid gland over weeks to months. After this, most people need thyroid hormone replacement as the gland can’t produce enough hormone.
Pregnant or breastfeeding people shouldn’t undergo radioactive iodine ablation due to radiation risks. Surgery to remove the thyroid gland isn’t usually the first choice but might be considered if other treatments fail. Surgery comes with its own set of risks, such as infection or bleeding, and will often require lifelong hormone supplements.
There’s no guaranteed way to prevent hyperthyroidism, but maintaining normal hormone levels is beneficial. If you notice symptoms or have a family history, it’s wise to consult with a healthcare provider for a thyroid check.
Hyperthyroidism can sometimes co-occur with other conditions, especially if it’s due to autoimmune disorders like Graves’ disease. Though symptoms can be challenging, hyperthyroidism is treatable, and with proper management, you can enjoy a healthy life. Continuous consultation with your healthcare provider is important for regular monitoring and maintaining appropriate thyroid hormone levels.
