For the first time, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set limits on the amount of PFAS, often called “forever chemicals,” in our drinking water. PFAS, short for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a group of 15,000 chemicals used in various products for over 70 years, from firefighting foams to yogurt containers. These chemicals tend to break down slowly, finding their way into the air and our water supply, and emerging research indicates that some can be harmful to human health.
The EPA’s new rule aims to reduce PFAS exposure for about 100 million people, potentially preventing thousands of serious health issues and fatalities. This change is expected to significantly alter how people come into contact with PFAS. While scientists are still uncovering the full health effects of these chemicals, they have established a strong connection between PFAS and problems with hormone production, which is vital for normal bodily functions and fertility. One lab study showed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a well-researched type of PFAS, impaired embryonic development in mouse ovarian cells.
Another review in Human Reproductive Update found limited direct evidence linking PFAS to reproductive problems, but numerous studies have noted associations with disrupted ovarian function, irregular menstrual cycles, early menopause, and lower levels of hormones like estrogens and androgens. Animal studies have also connected PFAS to cancer, developmental issues in fetuses, and toxicity to organs like the liver and kidneys, as well as the immune system.
The new regulation restricts PFOA and PFOS in public drinking water to a maximum of 4 parts per trillion, the lowest level achievable, and sets a 10 parts per trillion limit for other chemicals like PFNA, PFHxS, and HFPO-DA (GenX chemicals). This rule also applies to any mixture with two or more of these chemicals and PFBS. Despite uncertainties about many PFAS, the EPA’s regulations target those commonly found in water and known to be health hazards.
These new standards are stricter than the 2016 guidelines, which were non-binding and set limits of 70 parts per billion. While some states have already imposed their own limitations, the federal rule will override state rules if it is more stringent. The regulation affects 66,000 public water systems, which must start monitoring PFAS levels by 2027 and publicly share this information. If they exceed the standards, corrective measures must be in place by 2029.
The EPA has allocated $1 billion to help update systems that can’t meet these standards, expecting about 10% of public water systems will need improvements. Starting in 2029, systems that breach the new limits must work to reduce PFAS levels and inform the public.
Considering the time it will take for these rules to be enforced, experts suggest using filters designed to capture PFAS for those concerned about contamination in their drinking water. This advice is also relevant for individuals using private wells. While part of the $1 billion might support private well owners, especially in rural areas, details about accessing this funding for testing or solutions remain unclear. Installing these treatments can be expensive for low-income families. The introduction of this rule is a major effort to cut down on PFAS exposure, yet it doesn’t fully address the issue. There is a need for broader action to eliminate PFAS from consumer products and manufacturing processes to prevent them from entering the environment in the first place.
