Salmonella is a type of bacteria responsible for causing a foodborne illness known as salmonellosis, which affects over 1.3 million people in the U.S. each year, leading to about 26,000 hospitalizations and 420 deaths. This infection spreads through contaminated foods, person-to-person contact, and from animals to people.
The symptoms, which generally last between 4 to 7 days, include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Most individuals recover without needing specific treatment, although severe cases might require hospitalization. To prevent infection, practicing proper food handling, cooking, and hand hygiene is key.
There are over 2,500 types of Salmonella, but they mainly fall under two species. While all types can cause illness in humans, some are more common in specific animals. Two significant types that often move from animals to humans worldwide are Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium.
Symptoms of salmonellosis typically appear within 6 to 72 hours after consuming contaminated food or water and can range from mild to severe. Some people might only experience mild stomach issues, while others could face serious complications needing medical attention.
Most infections clear up in a week, but severe cases might lead to issues like dehydration or a bloodstream infection (bacteremia). Infants, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems are at greater risk for severe symptoms and complications.
Eating contaminated food or drinking tainted water is the main way Salmonella is contracted. Foods linked to recent outbreaks include peanut butter, flour, frozen pot pies, and salami sticks. Cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods and poor sanitation are factors in its spread. You can also catch it from animals, especially in places like petting zoos.
Salmonella outbreaks are more common in the summer when food is left out in warm temperatures. Be sure to refrigerate or freeze perishables within an hour if it’s over 90 degrees outside.
Diagnosis usually involves testing a stool sample in a lab. More advanced tests may be needed if the infection spreads beyond the intestines. While many infections clear up on their own, severe cases or those affecting people with compromised immune systems might need medical attention.
Treatment often involves supporting symptoms, and in some cases, antibiotics are prescribed. These can help shorten the illness and lower the risk of complications. However, the choice of antibiotic depends on where the infection is located.
To prevent Salmonella infection, ensure proper kitchen hygiene and handling of foods and pet care. If you have pets, wash their dishes immediately after use, and avoid putting your hands in your mouth after handling animals.
Salmonella can cause a wide range of complications, from mild digestive issues to severe, life-threatening conditions. It’s vital to seek medical advice promptly if you or someone you know shows signs of this or another food-borne illness.
