Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that can be life-threatening and happens quickly after coming into contact with an allergen. Allergens can be things like certain foods, medications, insect stings, or latex. When someone with allergies encounters one of these triggers, their immune system overreacts, mistakenly thinking it’s harmful.
The body responds by releasing a rush of chemicals, which can cause symptoms such as trouble breathing, swelling in the face and throat, a fast heartbeat, low blood pressure, stomach issues, and skin reactions like hives or itching. This makes anaphylaxis a medical emergency that needs immediate treatment with epinephrine (adrenaline), which helps manage and stabilize symptoms. Without fast treatment, the reaction can quickly become life-threatening.
In the U.S., about one in 50 people have experienced anaphylaxis. Knowing the signs and symptoms is essential for those at risk and their families, as recognizing and managing anaphylaxis promptly can save lives. The symptoms appear suddenly and can affect the entire body, varying from person to person.
The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is usually based on symptoms and medical history rather than tests, although tests might be conducted afterward to confirm the cause and develop a prevention plan. Anaphylaxis has four stages, but it can also have a biphasic reaction where symptoms return hours later.
Epinephrine is the primary treatment, typically given through an auto-injector like an EpiPen. It works by tightening blood vessels and relaxing muscles, helping to restore normal breathing and stable blood pressure.
To prevent anaphylaxis, it’s crucial to avoid known allergens. This could mean reading food labels, avoiding cross-contamination, and taking steps to prevent insect stings. If you’ve had a serious reaction before, ongoing management involves communication with healthcare providers, keeping your medications current, and educating others about managing allergies.
Living with severe allergies can be emotionally challenging, so seeking support from healthcare professionals or support groups can be beneficial. Anaphylactic shock is a term used when there’s a sudden drop in blood pressure due to anaphylaxis, potentially leading to organ failure if not treated quickly. Most people recover when they receive timely epinephrine treatment, making immediate response critical to avoid long-term damage. The fatality rate from anaphylaxis in the United States is about 0.3%.
