Stomach cancer starts in the lining of the stomach, the organ between the esophagus and the small intestine. The stomach aids in digestion by mixing food with stomach acid. While the exact cause of stomach cancer is unknown, factors like a family history or being male might increase your chances. Most people diagnosed with stomach cancer are over the age of 65.
Symptoms of stomach cancer can range from indigestion to stomach pain, but they are usually mild in the early stages. Because of this, it often goes undiagnosed until it’s more advanced and harder to treat. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, with around 26,500 new cases diagnosed in the U.S. each year.
There are various types of stomach cancer, which can develop in different stomach areas. The most common type is adenocarcinoma, constituting 90% to 95% of cases. This cancer begins in the mucosa, the stomach’s innermost lining. There are two types of adenocarcinoma: intestinal and diffuse. Intestinal adenocarcinoma typically responds better to targeted therapy, while diffuse adenocarcinoma spreads faster and is more challenging to treat.
Early-stage symptoms of stomach cancer are often mistaken for other conditions. As cancer advances, symptoms become more severe. Early symptoms might include indigestion and abdominal discomfort, which can also resemble acid reflux or a stomach ulcer. If you notice such symptoms, consult your healthcare provider.
Stomach cancer occurs when stomach lining cells mutate and start to grow uncontrollably. Although the exact cause isn’t known, H. pylori bacteria are strongly linked to stomach cancer, as they might convert food substances into chemicals that lead to DNA mutations. These mutations can result in precancerous changes in the stomach lining.
Several risk factors for stomach cancer include smoking and dietary choices, which are modifiable, while others like age and family history are not. Inherited gene mutations also increase the risk of stomach cancer, especially in individuals with specific genetic conditions.
Due to the typically symptom-free early stages, stomach cancer is often diagnosed later. If you experience extended symptoms, your healthcare provider will conduct a physical exam and review your medical history. Diagnostic tests for stomach cancer include imaging tests.
Routine stomach cancer screening is not usually recommended in the U.S., as the risks generally outweigh the benefits due to its low occurrence. Treatment options vary, aiming for remission when caught early. For later-stage diagnoses, the focus is on managing symptoms, such as pain or eating difficulties.
While preventing stomach cancer may not be possible, there are ways to reduce your risk. Managing risk factors can help lower the likelihood of developing the disease.
Having stomach cancer might also increase your chance of developing other conditions. A 2018 study highlighted that individuals with lung disease faced higher risks of complications post-surgery compared to those without.
The journey through diagnosis and treatment can be overwhelming. After completing treatment, you might continue to experience symptoms. It’s essential to maintain close communication with your healthcare team. Post-treatment, some might experience “dumping syndrome,” a condition with symptoms like nausea and diarrhea after eating, often due to stomach surgery. Healthcare providers and dietitians can help manage this.
If you have a feeding tube, keep collaborating with your nutrition team to ensure you receive the necessary nutrients and maintain a healthy weight. Other tips for living with stomach cancer include ongoing teamwork with healthcare professionals.
