Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer that develops in plasma cells within the bone marrow. These cells usually produce antibodies to help the immune system fight off infections. When someone has multiple myeloma, these plasma cells grow uncontrollably, hindering the growth of healthy cells. If left untreated, it can harm the kidneys, bones, and immune system, and cause anemia.
Often, people with multiple myeloma don’t experience noticeable symptoms until it’s found during a routine blood test. Some might feel bone pain or fatigue. While a diagnosis can feel frightening, catching it early allows for timely treatment, which can reduce symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and extend life expectancy. The five-year relative survival rate for multiple myeloma is about 60%.
Although it’s rare—comprising less than 2% of all cancer cases in the U.S.—around 159,800 people live with the condition. The disease is categorized based on the type of abnormal antibodies produced. Types include typical myeloma, Bence Jones, non-secretory, and IgM myeloma.
Typical myeloma is the most common. People with Bence Jones myeloma, affecting 15% to 20% of cases, have plasma cells that produce proteins which may damage kidneys and nerves. Non-secretory myeloma, affecting 1% to 5% of patients, results in little or no abnormal antibody production. IgM myeloma, also known as Waldenström’s disease, affects less than 1% of patients and is considered a plasmacytic lymphoma due to its impact on lymph nodes.
Many people don’t notice symptoms until the disease progresses. Multiple myeloma impacts plasma cells, which are crucial for immune defense and are formed in the bone marrow. While the exact cause remains unknown, genetic changes, particularly somatic mutations that occur over someone’s lifetime, are believed to be a factor. Other factors that may increase risk are also being studied.
A healthcare provider or oncologist typically diagnoses the disease, often using the “CRAB” criteria. If multiple myeloma is suspected, they may conduct further tests and analyze blood samples.
If diagnosed, multiple myeloma is staged based on the results of blood tests, imaging, or tissue samples. Although there’s no cure, treatments can help control the disease, manage symptoms, and improve life quality. In the early stages, regular monitoring might be sufficient. However, those in stage 3 might need immediate treatment.
Some preliminary research suggests that preventing infections may slow disease progression since infections are a significant risk factor. Actions to prevent infections are recommended, given the disease’s impact on blood and organs, which can increase the risk of other conditions.
Living with multiple myeloma can be challenging and emotionally taxing. Support from healthcare providers, engaging in light exercise, eating well, and getting enough rest can help manage symptoms. It’s also beneficial to lean on family, friends, and others with similar experiences for support. Speaking to a mental health specialist may also be helpful if the diagnosis feels overwhelming.
