Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland in the neck, which is responsible for producing hormones that regulate how the body uses energy. In this condition, the thyroid is damaged, leading initially to a phase called thyrotoxicosis, where large amounts of thyroid hormones are released into the blood. This is often followed by a phase of hypothyroidism, where there aren’t enough thyroid hormones available.
Also known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, or autoimmune thyroiditis, it’s not clear exactly how many people have Hashimoto’s disease, but it is the leading cause of an underactive thyroid. Approximately 5% of people in the United States have hypothyroidism. The condition is four to ten times more common in women than in men.
Hashimoto’s disease shares symptoms with other thyroid-related conditions. Early on, you might not notice any signs, or they may be mild, but they typically intensify over time. In some rare cases, Hashimoto’s can cause an overactive thyroid. A noticeable symptom in some is a goiter, which is a swelling in the front of the throat caused by an enlarged thyroid. Although usually not painful, the swelling can be uncomfortable. Goiters can sometimes diminish on their own, though some people opt for surgical removal.
The disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid, impairing its ability to produce necessary hormones. While the exact cause isn’t fully understood, there appears to be a genetic component, as it often runs in families. Current theories suggest a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers might lead to the disease.
Researchers are investigating which environmental factors might trigger or protect against Hashimoto’s disease. Identified risk factors include being older, female, pregnant, having Down’s syndrome, or other autoimmune disorders.
Diagnosing Hashimoto’s involves a healthcare provider reviewing your medical history, performing a physical exam, and checking for symptoms or family history of the disease. They might feel your neck for a goiter and order blood tests to confirm the diagnosis. An ultrasound might be needed if blood tests are inconclusive, allowing your provider to examine the thyroid’s size and characteristics.
There isn’t a cure for Hashimoto’s disease, but medications and lifestyle changes can effectively manage symptoms. The medication levothyroxine is commonly prescribed. It’s identical to the thyroid hormone T4 and helps mitigate symptoms of hypothyroidism. This medication is typically taken on an empty stomach, about 30 to 60 minutes before eating in the morning, to ensure proper absorption. Regular blood tests are essential to ensure the right dosage.
Some evidence suggests that an anti-inflammatory diet might help manage Hashimoto’s. This diet focuses on plant-based proteins, fish, increased fiber, fruits, vegetables, and certain herbs and spices. While this diet benefits various chronic illnesses, more research is needed for its specific effects on Hashimoto’s.
The precise cause of Hashimoto’s disease is unknown, so there’s no definitive way to prevent it. However, reducing exposure to certain environmental risks might lower your chances of developing it. For example, practicing safe measures to avoid hepatitis C is one preventive step.
People with Hashimoto’s are more likely to have other autoimmune disorders, affecting adults more than children, but occurring in both. These associated conditions might vary between adults and younger individuals.
In general, the outlook for those with Hashimoto’s disease is positive. Many manage their symptoms successfully with levothyroxine and regular monitoring. It’s vital to follow the treatment plan as advised by a healthcare provider. Though a cure isn’t yet available, research into new treatments is ongoing.
